Washburn Astrobiophysics

1. To better understand how different astrophysical events (such as supernovae and gamma-ray bursts) might be to life on Earth.  This involves studying observational data of these events and using previous research results to determine their likely rate and destructive potential.
2. To better understand how radiation events will affect Phytoplankton in the oceans.  These microscopic plants make up the base of the food chain and provide 1/2 of the world's oxygen supply.

        Our work in the area began in 2003 with an exploration of the effect on the Earth radiation (X-Rays & Gamma-Rays) from a gamma-ray burst in our galaxy.  From there it has expanded and diversified.  Dr. Thomas and the Washburn Astrobiophysics group have been heavily involved the following projects in collaboration with the KU Astrobiophysics Working Group.

Please see the Working Group's website for more:  http://kusmos.phsx.ku.edu/~melott/Astrobiology.htm

  I. Astrophysical Ionizing Radiation Events--the Effect on Our Biosphere:

        Large explosions in the Sun’s atmosphere called Solar Flares emit X-Rays & UV-Radiation.  There are also occasional much more powerful flares.  Stars with an 8 solar mass or greater create supernovae.  A Supernova is created once every 50 years.  Earth would have to be within a 10 Light Year Radius of the blast for the  affect to be disastrous by.  A star that has a mass 30 times or greater than our Sun creates a Hypernova, which is 10 times more powerful than a typical Supernova.  The core collapses into a Black Hole. Two energetic jets of plasma are emitted from the star’s rotational poles along the dying star’s axis at nearly the speed of light producing an intense long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).  A GRB 6,500 light years away from Earth could cause potentially severely damaging events likely on a timescale of a few hundred million years.  Our first efforts, and still the most prolific, lie in this area.  In the sections below, we explore several different likely or possible kinds of radiation events and their effects on the Earth.

• Gamma-Ray Bursts in Our Galaxy

• Nearby Supernovae

• Major Solar Flares

        Through atmospheric modeling, we have estimated that a Gamma Ray Burst could have contributed to the Ordovician extinction 450 million years ago; 60% of all marine invertebrates were lost.  An ice age is thought to have caused this extinction, however, a Gamma-Ray Burst could have caused a fast die-out early on and also could have triggered the significant drop in surface temperature on Earth.  Scientists calculated that Gamma-Ray  radiation from a relatively nearby star explosion, hitting the Earth for only ten seconds, could deplete up to half of the atmosphere's protective ozone layer.  Recovery could take at least five years.

 II. Possible Comet Impact 12,900 Years Ago:

We have conducted a study of the atmospheric chemistry effects of comets, especially as related to the hypothesis that the Clovis culture and North American megafauna may have been killed off by a comet impact 12,900 years ago.  See here for more information:

Our Study of Comets and Atmospheric Chemistry

Some events and media coverage related to our research:

2007 American Astronomical Society workshop "Astrophysical ionizing radiation sources and their impact on life." For more information look here.  At the Astrobiology Science Conference, 2008.  We organized one of the 39 parallel sessions.  Two of the talks pegged as most exciting in a review by Astrobiology Magazine were in our session: The Habitable Galaxy

National Geographic and History Channel TV shows feature our work:

        Some of our work was featured prominently in a National Geographic Television program entitled "Extinctions."  The program will be rebroadcast periodically.  Research in our group constituted approximately the last third of the program.  Their summary:  "Planet earth teems with life, but imagine it disappearing in one go: a victim of catastrophic events that leave the planet almost uninhabitable.  Naked Science travels back in time to examine three of the largest mass extinctions that decimated life on the planet in the past.  What caused these wipe-outs and could they happen again in the future, threatening our very survival?  Worse still, are we already in the middle of a mass extinction--not one created by nature, but by man?  This program unravels the clues and likely suspects behind the dinosaur, Permian, and late Ordovician wipe-outs. Even given human adaptability and know-how, would we fare any better than the previous victims of these disasters?  Could we be wiped out?  "We discover that we are not as safe as we'd like to think."

         A History Channel presentation features our research.  This hour long science special on the destructive potential of gamma-ray bursts was on Megadisasters.  It is repeated occasionally on the History Channel.  The science content is solid, in spite of the hype surrounding the series as a whole. 

Want to learn more, get involved??

Our group has been involved with the Astrobiophysics Seminar at KU.

Opportunities exist for students to be involved in research.  Contact Dr. Thomas for more information: brian.thomas @ washburn.edu

We have a block of supercomputer time at the National Center for Supercomputer Appications for those computations too large for local workstations. 

We maintain an active net of collaborators especially including NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in their  Astroparticle Physics Laboratory and their Laboratory for Atmospheres.   We have an active project with the Photobiology and Solar Radiation Lab at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.  The SWIFT mission is providing new information about Gamma-ray bursts, including much-needed data on their rate in the "recent" Universe (since the Earth formed.) 

Our recent research publications can usually be found in the ArXiv.  Older published research is listed elsewhere. 

People:

Washburn University faculty involved in research:

-- Brian C. Thomas

            Research is Funded by NASA

            Design by Bianca L. Lewis

             Last Updated: August 18th, 2011

Sources for Images:                          
http://www.seeinginthedark.org/images/gallery/exploding_star_gamma.jpg
http://tuttidentro.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/supernova-remnant-cassiopea-a.jpg
http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/swift-gamma-ray-lg-tm.jpg 
http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/swift-images/SwiftNatureCover.jpg
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/eeeb/baker/N0316/Lecture%205/Images/ordovician.JPG