BI255 Human Physiology
Name________________________________
Exam 1
On the computer sheet, fill in the name box, last name first, and darken
the corresponding circle under each letter of your name. Then for questions
1 - 56, darken in the circle on the computer sheet coresponding to the correct
answer. Answer questions 57 - 72 directly on this test paper.
1. The most fundamental living unit of the body is the
a. nucleus
b. cell
c. tissue
d. organ system
2. A homeostatic mechanism
a. usually involves negative feedback
b. usually involves positive feedback
c. attempts to maintain a constant internal environment
d. a and c
e. b and c
3. Negative feedback acts to minimize the difference between the
current level of a variable and its setpoint.
a. true b. false
4. Some gates in the cell membrane of neurons open in response to
voltage changes. When these gates are open, ions enter the neuron causing
further depolarization. This is an example of
a. negative feedback b. positive feedback
5. A hormone called parathyroid hormone acts to raise calcium concentrations
in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, an effective
stimulus for parathyroid secretion would be
a. a fall in blood calcium
b. a rise in blood calcium
c. either a or b
6. Which of the following is NOT true of the epidermis?
a. superficial
b. gives rise to hairs, sebaceous and sweat glands
c. consists of stratified squamous epithelium
d. contains blood vessels
7. Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol in the integument upon
exposure to light.
a. true b. false
8. Which of the following is NOT true of primary active transport?
a. requires energy
b. moves molecules from low to high concentration
c. can transport only 1 molecule at a time
d. utilizes carrier proteins in the cell membrane
9. Using cytoplasmic extensions of the cell membrane to engulf large
particles is known as
a. exocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. pinocytosis
d. necrosis
10. The lipids primarily responsible for forming the inner and outer
layers of the cell membrane are
a. triglycerides
b. phospholipids
c. steroids
d. sphingolipids
11. The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes separate into chromatids
and begin moving to opposite poles is
a. anaphase
b. telophase
c. prophase
d. metaphase
12. Every 3 bases along a strand of mRNA forms a codon for one
a. monosaccharide
b. amino acid
c. nucleic acid
d. tRNA
13. The type of bond formed when atoms share electrons equally.
a. ionic
b. polar covalent
c. nonpolar covalent
d. hydrogen
14. Acids
a. have a low pH
b. donate hydrogen electrons
c. do not ionize readily
d. all of the above
15. The level of protein structure resulting when hydrogen bonding
between amino acids causes formation of a helix or pleated sheet.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
16. Organelles which are the site of protein synthesis.
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
17. The inside of a resting cell is negative.
a. true b. false
18. Which of the following is true of the distribution of ions across
the resting cell membrane?
a. potassium and sodium highest inside, calcium outside
b. potassium highest inside, sodium and chlorine outside
c. calcium and sodium highest inside, potassium outside
d. potassium and chlorine highest inside, sodium outside
19. Depolarization is initiated when an above-threshold stimulus
causes sodium channels to open.
a. true b. false
20. The sodium-potassium pump moves 2 sodium ions out of the cell
for every 3 potassium ions taken in.
a. true b. false
21. The dendrites and cell bodies of neurons possess voltage-regulated
sodium gates which respond to the presence of neurotransmitters on receptors
in these parts of the neuron.
a. true b. false
22. Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials?
a. they are produced by opening of voltage-regulated Na+ gates
b. they are an all-or-none phenomenon
c. they are followed by a refractory period
d. the membrane potential temporarily becomes positive during them
23. Action potentials are seen only in nerve and muscle cells.
a. true b. false
24. All neurons have identical thresholds for a particular stimulus.
25. The portion of the neuron with the lowest threshold for initiation
of action potentials is the
a. dendrite
b. cell body
c. axon hollock
d. telodendria
26. Repolarization of an axon is produced by
a. inward diffusion of sodium
b. inward active transport of potassium
c. outward diffusion of potassium
d. inward active transport of sodium
27. Saltatory conduction refers to the conduction of action potential
in
a. dendrites
b. myelinated neurons
c. unmyelinated neurons
d. an electrical synapse
28. Which neuron would have the fastest velocity of action potential
conduction?
a. small diameter, myelinated
b. small diameter, unmyelinated
c. large diameter, myelinated
d. large diameter, unmyelinated
29. Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses.
a. true b. false
30. The presynaptic membrane is always the terminal of a neuron.
a. true b. false
31. Acetylcholinesterase is a neurotransmitter.
a. true b. false
32. Binding of norepinephrine to a receptor on the surface of the
cell membrane triggers ion channels to open by using an intracellular secondary
messenger called
a. synapsin
b. cyclic AMP
c. acetylcholinesterase
d. monoamine oxidase
33. Which of the following is not a monoamine?
a. serotonin
b. dopamine
c. acetylcholine
d. norepinephrine
34. Which of the following is NOT true of postsynaptic potentials?
a. they are produced in dendrites and cell bodies
b. they are produced by chemically-regulated Na+ gates
c. they are all-or-none phenomenon
d. they are not propagated (do not travel)
35. As the strength of a depolarizing stimulus is increased
a. the amplitude of action potentials increases
b. the duration of action potentials increases
c. the speed of action potentials increases
d. the frequency of action potentials increases
36. The neuromodulator which blocks the calcium channels of pain
neurons is
a. acetylcholine
b. novocain
c. substance P
d. enkephalin
37. The summation of EPSPs from several presynaptic neurons converging
onto one postsynaptic neuron is called
a. temporal summation
b. spatial summation
c. presynaptic inhibition
d. facilitation
38. Afferent neurons always enter the dorsal root of the spinal cord.
a. true b. false
39. Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be found in the
gray matter of the spinal cord?
a. cell bodies of neurons
b. dendrites
c. myelinated axons
d. unmyelinated axons
40. Monosynaptic reflex arcs consist of a sensory receptor, sensory
neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.
a. true b. false
41. The formation of long term memory appears to involve more than
just facilitation of synapses.
a. true b. false
42. In most people the left motor area of the cerebrum controls muscles
on the right side of the body.
a. true b. false
43. In most people the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for
visuospatial ability.
a. true b. false
Use this list of cerebral lobes to answer questions 44 - 48.
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. occipital lobe
e. insula
44. Contains auditory and olfactory areas.
45. Processes visual input.
46. Deep, involved in memory formation.
47. Contains the primary motor area.
48. Contains the general sensory area and taste area.
49. Someone with damage to Broca's area would
a. be unable to speak
b. not comprehend what was heard
c. produce garbled speech
d. all of the above
50. Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
a. prefrontal area of cerebrum
b. cerebellum
c. thalamus
d. hypothalamus
Use this list to answer questions 51 - 56
a. cerebellum
b. pons varolli
c. medulla oblongota
d. thalamus
e. hypothalamus
51. Responsible for equilibrium, balance and muscle coordination.
52. Contains feeding and satiety center.
53. Produces ADH and oxytocin hormones.
54. Contains only respiratory centers.
55. Relays incoming sensory information to the cerebrum.
56. Contains vasomotor and cardiac centers.
MISCELLANEOUS
____________________________ 57. Two DIFFERENT things which the
integument protects us from.
____________________________
____________________________ 58. Four functions of proteins found
in the plasma membrane of cells.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________ 59. Term for growth of a tissue due
to an increase in cell number.
____________________________ 60. Term for when cells are made temporarily
more negative internally than usual.
____________________________ 61. One example of how #4 may be accomplished.
What neurotransmitter is used to:
____________________________ 62. slow the heart rate?
____________________________ 63. inhibit contraction of antagonist
muscles?
____________________________ 64. cause contraction of skeletal muscle?
____________________________ 65. Ion thought to be involved in facilitation
of synapses.
____________________________ 66. Term for a collection of neuron
cell bodies outside the CNS.
____________________________ 67. Name for the division of the nervous
system which controls smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.
____________________________ 68. Two functions of cerebrospinal
fluid.
____________________________
69. Name 2 ways in which neurotransmitters may be removed from the
synaptic cleft.
70. How does an absolute refractory period differ from a relative
refractory period? What causes each?
71. Starting with the arrival of action potentials at an axon terminal,
describe the steps resulting in neurotransmitter release. Next, suppose
the postsynaptic membrane is cardiac muscle. Pick either acetylcholine or
norepinephrine and describe the steps by which a postsynaptic potential is
created. Is it an EPSP or an IPSP? (10 points)
72. The tetanus toxin prevents the release of gamma amino butyric
acid, a neurotransmitter used extensively by the cerebellum. Knowing this,
what would be the symptoms of tetanus poisoning and why?
© 2004 by Lee Boyd