------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) CITATION & DOCUMENTATION FORMAT: CREDITING SOURCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The information in this handout, taken from THE MLA HANDBOOK FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS (3rd Edition), covers many of the cases in your research papers in which you'll need to give credit to sources outside yourself. If you need information about other cases, you can review handbooks with MLA format in the Writing Center (257 Morgan Hall) and in Mabee Library. (Copies may also be purchased in local bookstores.) In the body of your paper - When you omit the author's name in your sentence: One researcher has found that dreams move backward in time as the night progresses (Dement 71). - When you mention the author's name in your sentence: Freud states that "a dream is the fulfillment of a wish" (154). - When you cite more than one work by the same author: One current theory emphasizes the principle that dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes, "Sleep" 184). But investigation shows that young children's dreams are "rather simple and unemotional" (Foulkes, "Dreams" 78). - When the work has two or three authors: Psychologists hold that no two children are alike (Gesell and Ilg 68). - When the work has no author, begin with the word by which the title is alphabetized in the Works Cited: Random testing for use of steroids by athletes is facing strong opposition by owners of several of these teams ("Steroids" 22). For other cases, see Parenthetical Citations, MLA HANDBOOK, pp. 155-60. In your Works Cited list 1. Books Double space all entries and list in alphabetical order by author's last name. Generally, an entry has three main divisions--author, title, and publication information--each followed by a period and two spaces. Indent second and following lines 5 spaces. (UNDERLINE books rather than using the tildes [squiggly lines] used in the examples of books and periodicals below.) (one author) Frye, Northrup. Anatomy of Criticism: Four ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957. ~~~~~~ (two or three Gesell, Arnold, and Frances L. Ilg. Child authors) ~~~~~ Development: An Introduction to the Study ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ of Human Growth. New York: Macmillan, 1960. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (four or more Spiller, Robert, et al. Literary History of the authors) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ United States. New York: Macmillan, 1960. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (corporate or United States Capitol Society. We, the People: institutional ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ author) The Story of the United States Capitol. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Soc., 1964. (no author named) Encyclopedia of Photography. New York: Crown, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1984. (a work with more Smith, Page. A New Age Now Begins. 2 vols. than one volume) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ New York: McGraw, 1976. (a work with Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. Ed. Kenneth an editor) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S. Lynn. New York: Rinehart, 1959. (an essay in a Krutch, Joseph Wood. "What the Year 2000 Won't collection of essays) Be Like." Finding a Voice. Ed. Jim W. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Corder. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman, 1973. 21-36. (a second or Ornstein, Robert. The Psychology of later edition) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consciousness. 2nd ed. New York: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Harcourt, 1977. (a reprint) Weston, Jessie L. From Ritual to Romance. 1920. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Garden City, NJ: Anchor-Doubleday, 1957. (two or more books Boroff, Marie, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green by the same person) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Knight. New York: Norton, 1967. ~~~~~~ ---. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice ~~~~~~ Hall, 1963. (Cross-referencing Atkin, Charles. "Changing Male and Female two or more articles from the same collec- Roles." Schwartz 66-70. tion. Along with listing the collec- tion editor, title, Kilborne, Jean. "Sex Roles in Advertising." and publ. informa- tion, use this format Schwartz 211-15. to list articles from it.) Schwartz, Meg, ed. TV and Teens: Experts Look ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ at the Issues. Reading: Addison, 1982. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2. Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, and Other Sources (a journal or Deluch, Max. "Mind from Matter." American magazine whose page ~~~~~~~~ numbers continue into Scholar 47 (1978): 339-53. the next issue-- ~~~~~~~ continuous pagination) (a journal whose Barthe, Frederick, and Joseph Murphy. pages start anew "Alcoholism in Fiction." Kansas Quarterly with each issue) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7.2 (1981): 30-37. (a weekly, biweekly, Miller, Tyler. "The Vietnam War: The or monthly magazine) Executioner." Newsweek 13 Nov 1978: 70. ~~~~~~~~ (an article in a Strout, Richard L. "Another Bicentennial." newspaper) Christian Science Monitor 10 Nov. 1978: 7. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (an anonymous article) "Drunkproof Automobiles." Time 6 Apr. 1987: 9. ~~~~ (an article from a "Mandarin." Encyclopedia Americana. 1980 ed. reference book) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (a government United States Dept. of Labor. Bureau of publication) Statistics. Dictionary of Occupational ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Titles. 4th ed. Washington: GPO, 1977. ~~~~~~ (a radio or The First American. Narr. Hugh Downs. Writ. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ television program) and prod. Craig Fisher. NBC News Special. KNBC, Los Angeles. 21 Mar. 1968. (a source from McCullough, Peggy. "Juvenile Drug Use Prompts NEWSBANK) Test Push." (Memphis, TN) The Commercial ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Appeal. 15 Jan. 1987. NEWSBANK, Health, ~~~~~~ 1987, Fiche 3, Grid G2. (an interview that Franklin, Anna. Personal Interview. 15 Nov. you conducted) 1988. Washburn University Writing Center, 257 Morgan ******************************************************************************* Original from the Purdue Univ. Writing Lab. Modif. by Roy Sheldon, 9/7/94